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Transnomino a virus5/31/2023 ![]() They can help prevent an infection, but do not work after the fact. While vaccines have all but eliminated some illnesses such as smallpox, they are usually preventative in nature. Vaccines are made from harmless variants of viruses to stimulate an immune defense against the 'real' virus. Examples include: Ebola viruses, Rhinovirus (common cold), HIV, rabies virus and influenza viruses. Single-stranded RNA viruses are usually of two subtypes: those that can serve as messenger RNA (mRNA) and those that serve as a template for mRNA. Single-stranded DNA viruses usually have a polyhedral structure and depend on adenoviruses for parts of their growth.ĭouble-stranded RNA viruses usually have a polyhedral structure with the diarrhea viruses being a common example. Examples include: Papilloma (cervical cancer and warts), Herpes (simplex I and II), Epstein-Barr virus (mononucleosis) and Variola (smallpox). Animal virus types include:ĭouble-stranded DNA viruses usually have a polyhedral or complex structure. They are commonly grouped into families according to the type of genetic material present in the virus. There are several types of animal viruses. These cancer viruses alter or transform cell properties leading to abnormal cell growth. Oncogenic viral infections cause changes in host cells, tuning them into tumor cells. HIV, Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7, and the Epstein-Barr Virus are examples of persistent virus infections that are associated with the immune system. ![]() The virus responsible for the latent infection is reactivated at some later point, usually prompted by some type of event such as infection of the host by another virus or physiological changes in the host. Latent infections are a type of persistent infection in which the appearance of disease symptoms does not happen immediately, but follows after a period of time. Some viruses can cause persistent infection in different organs and tissues at the same time. The host cell may or may not be destroyed. In this type of infection, the virus may go dormant and be reactivated at a later time. Other viruses may cause persistent infections. In lytic infections, the virus will break open or lyse the host cell, resulting in the destruction of the host cell. Antigenetic shifts are associated with pandemics as host populations have no immunity to the new viral strain.Īnimal viruses cause various types of infection. In antigenetic shift, a new virus subtype is produced through the combination of genes from different viral strains. While antigenic drift happens gradually over time, antigenetic shift occurs rapidly. Antibodies connect to specific virus antigens to identify them as 'invaders' that must be destroyed. This results in the development of a new virus strain that may not be recognized by host antibodies. In antigenic drift, viral genes mutate altering virus surface proteins. Other viruses, such as influenza viruses, experience changes in their genes leading to antigenic drift or antigenic shift. Some viruses, like HIV, destroy white blood cells. Viruses have several methods to counter host immune system responses. They are designed to stimulate the body to have an immune response against the 'real' virus. Vaccines are usually preventative and are developed from harmless virus variants.Animal virus types include both double-stranded DNA and single-stranded DNA along with double-stranded RNA and single-stranded RNA types. ![]()
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